a seismograph records oscillation of the ground

horizontal ground movement .

A few centuries later, devices using water movement and later mercury were developed in Italy. In this case the inert mass is fixed at the tip of a thin broad sheet , very flexible vertically but very rigid horizontally.

This was the first device that recorded the time of the earthquake and the intensity and duration of any movement. Thus, magnitude can be computed from the record of any calibrated seismograph. On the Richter Scale, magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions. In 1880, Sir James Alfred Ewing, Thomas Gray and John Milne, all British scientists working in Japan, began to study earthquakes.

At first, the Richter Scale could be applied only to the records from instruments of identical manufacture. A few centuries later, devices using water movement and later mercury were developed in Italy. rotating drum Secured to the ground, it rotates under the pen, recording ground movements on paper. The credit for the first modern intensity scales goes jointly to Michele de Rossi of Italy (1874) and Francois Forel of Switzerland (1881), who both independently published similar intensity scales. The Rossi-Forel Scale used ten degrees of intensity and became the first scale to be widely used internationally.

At first, the Richter Scale could be applied only to the records from instruments of identical manufacture.

Waves Vibrations and Oscillations. The Press-Ewing seismograph uses a Milne pendulum, but the pivot supporting the pendulum is replaced by an elastic wire to avoid friction. Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake.

The Rossi-Forel Scale used ten degrees of intensity and became the first scale to be widely used internationally. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location.

For example: the Richter Scale is not a physical device, it is a mathematical formula. Now, instruments are carefully calibrated with respect to each other. Sensitive seismographs, which greatly magnify these ground motions, can detect strong earthquakes from sources anywhere in the world. John Milne was the English seismologist and geologist who invented the first modern seismograph and promoted the building of seismological stations.

Sensitive seismographs, which greatly magnify these ground motions, can detect strong earthquakes from sources anywhere in the world. Seismographs record a zigzag trace that shows the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake at a certain location. Seismographs record a zig-zag trace that shows the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument. In the history of the innovations surrounding earthquake study, we have to look at two things: the devices that recorded earthquake activity and the measurement systems written to help interpret that data. As in the previous case, a fine pen traces on the paper of the rotating drum the amplitude of the vertical oscillations of the terrain.The damper is necessary to prevent the flexible system from constantly oscillating at its natural frequency once its balance is disturbed . The dragon jar was a cylindrical jar with eight dragonheads arranged around its brim; each dragon had a ball in its mouth.

This scale, composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity that range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction, is designated by Roman numerals. Palmieri's seismometer had U-shaped tubes filled with mercury and arranged along the compass points.
In its beginnings, it consisted of a pendulum that due to its mass remained motionless due to inertia, while everything around it moved; This pendulum had a punch that was writing on a time-ruled paper roll, so that when the vibration began, movement was recorded on the paper, this graphic representation constituting the so-called seismogram .When an earthquake occurs , seismographs near the epicenter are able to record S and P waves, but on the other side of the Earth only P waves can be recorded.It is used to record the horizontal movements of the earth during an earthquake. The time, location and magnitude of an earthquake can be determined from the data recorded by seismograph stations.
In this way, the mass remains static due to the flexibility of the sheet in relation to vertical movement, but it faithfully follows the movements of the base in the horizontal direction, avoiding relative movement between the needle and the recording drum .

Milne invented the horizontal pendulum seismograph in 1880. Thus, magnitude can be computed from the record of any calibrated seismograph.

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