khedivate of egypt
Mehemet Ali had already, in 1821, been appointed by him governor of Crete, which he had occupied with a small Egyptian force. This made Egypt increasingly reliant on Britain for both military and economic aid. A large military demonstration in September 1881 forced the British occupation ended nominally with the deposition of the last By Isma'il's reign, the Egyptian government, headed by the minister Because of his efforts to gain economic independence from the European powers, Isma'il became unpopular with many British and French diplomats, including In 1869, the completion of the Suez Canal gave Britain a faster route to India. Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia (the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. The revolt was reduced by presents to the chiefs of the insurgents, and Muhammad Ali ordered that the sufferers by the disturbances should receive compensation from the treasury.
His naval superiority wrested from the Greeks the command of a great deal of the sea, on which the fate of the insurrection ultimately depended, while on land the Greek irregular bands, having largely soundly beaten the Porte's troops, had finally met a worthy foe in Ibrahim's disciplined troops. Before the outbreak of the His foresight was rewarded by the invitation of the sultan to help him in the task of subduing the Greek insurgents, offering as reward the pashaliks of the Morea and of Syria. Isma'il made no effort to reconcile with the European powers, who pressured the Ottoman sultan into removingBritish naval forces shelled and captured Alexandria, and an expeditionary force under General Sir Meanwhile, a religious rebellion had broken out in the Sudan, led by The Khalifa was hunted down and killed in 1899, in the Abbas II became very hostile to the British as his reign drew on, and, by 1911, was considered by Lord Kitchener to be a "wicked little Khedive" worthy of deposition.
He first sent an expedition westward (Feb. 1820) which conquered and annexed the Siwa oasis. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized controlof the country, and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating a… The project of the While Ibrahim was engaged in the second Arabian campaign the pasha turned his attention to strengthening the Egyptian economy. He set up a number of factories and began digging in 1819 a new canal to Alexandria, called the Another notable fact in the economic progress of the country was the development of the cultivation of cotton in the Delta in 1822 and onwards. In the autumn of 1824 a fleet of 60 Egyptian warships carrying a large force of 17,000 disciplined troops concentrated in Suda Bay, and, in the following March, with Ibrahin as commander-in-chief landed in the Morea. To European merchants, on whom he was dependent for the sale of his exports, Muhammad Ali showed much favor, and under his influence the port of Alexandria again rose into importance.
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