war of portuguese restoration

Nonetheless, the overriding goal, a formal pact with France continued to evade Portugal, whose weakness and isolation had been driven home by its virtual exclusion at the negotiations for the European settlement-of-settlements, the new With this treaty and the end of hostilities in Catalonia in 1652, Spain was again ready to direct its efforts against Portugal, but it faced a lack of men, resources, and, especially, good military commanders. Three theaters of warfare were eventually opened, but most activity focused on the northern front, near Galicia, and on the central frontier between Portuguese Spain, at first, made the war a defensive one. On 11 December 1640, a 'Council of War' was created to organize all of the operations. It may well be true, as the historian R. A. Stradling has said, that the war with Portugal, "ended contributing more than any other single factor to the final dissolution of Spanish hegemony.

Nonetheless, Portugal remained economically weak, agriculturally underdeveloped, dependent on English grain, and hungry for foreign trade goods in general, especially woven cloth. Incidents of singular cruelty were reported on both sides as the Portuguese settled old animosities, while Spanish commanders often took the view that their opponents were disloyal and rebellious subjects, not an opposing army entitled to the rules of combat.Three theaters were eventually opened, but most activity focused on the northern front and on the frontier between Portuguese Alemtejo and Spanish Extremadura. Next, the king created the 'Junta of the Frontiers' to take care of the fortresses near the border, the hypothetical defense of Lisbon, and the garrisons and sea ports. In the seventeenth century and afterwards, this period of sporadic conflict was simply known, in Portugal and elsewhere, as the This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and The support of the people became apparent almost immediately, and, within a matter of hours, The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Immediately after assuming the Portuguese throne, João IV took several steps to strengthen his position. Between 1649 and 1654, about 29 percent (over six million The 1650s were indecisive militarily but important on the political and diplomatic fronts. Similar conditions also existed among the Portuguese forces.The war was also expensive. The wanton nature of the combat was often exacerbated by the use of mercenaries and foreign conscripts; incidents of singular cruelty were reported on both sides.

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